El telescopio espacial James Webb investiga una de las regiones de formación de estrellas más dinámica de las galaxias cercanas, la denominada NGC 346, próxima a nuestra Vía Láctea, en la que han detectado importantes cantidades de polvo, algo no esperado por los astrónomos, informó este miércoles su página web.
La NCG 346 se halla en la Pequeña Nube de Magallanes (SMC), una «galaxia enana» cercana a la Vía Láctea que contiene concentraciones más bajas de elementos más pesados que el hidrógeno o el helio llamados metales.
Dado que los granos de polvo en el espacio están compuestos principalmente por «metales», los científicos esperaban hallar solo pequeñas cantidades de polvo y que sería difícil de detectar; pero «los nuevos datos» del telescopio Webb «revelan justo lo contrario».
Los astrónomos exploraron esta región porque «las condiciones y la cantidad de metales dentro del SMC se asemejan a las observadas en las galaxias hace miles de millones de años», durante una era en la historia del Universo conocida como «mediodía cósmico», cuando la formación de estrellas estaba en su apogeo.
Unos 2.000 o 3.000 millones de años después del Big Bang, explica, las galaxias estaban formando estrellas a un ritmo vertiginoso y «los fuegos artificiales de la formación estelar que ocurrieron entonces todavía dan forma a las galaxias que vemos a nuestro alrededor hoy».
«Incluso si NGC 346 es ahora el único cúmulo masivo que forma estrellas en su galaxia, nos ofrece una gran oportunidad para investigar las condiciones que existían en el ‘mediodía cósmico'», dijo Margaret Meixner, astrónoma e investigadora principal del equipo de científicos.
La observación de estas «protoestrellas» en proceso de formación permiten a los investigadores saber si el proceso de formación estelar en el SMC es diferente al que observamos en nuestra propia Vía Láctea.
A medida que se forman las estrellas, estas «acumulan gas y polvo que pueden parecer cintas en las imágenes de Webb», de la nube molecular circundante.
Los astrónomos han detectado gas alrededor de las protoestrellas dentro de NGC 346, pero las observaciones del infrarrojo cercano de Webb marcan la primera vez que también detectan polvo en estos discos.
«Con Webb, podemos investigar protoestrellas de peso más ligero, tan pequeñas como una décima parte de nuestro Sol» y descubrir si su proceso de formación «se ve afectado por el menor contenido de metal», dijo, por su parte, Olivia Jones, del Centro de Tecnología de Astronomía del Reino Unido.
Para Guido De Marchi, de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), «estamos viendo los componentes básicos no solo de las estrellas, sino también potencialmente de los planetas».
Webb es el telescopio más grande y poderoso jamás lanzado al espacio, en virtud de un acuerdo de colaboración internacional entre la ESA, la NASA y la Agencia Espacial Canadiense (CSA).
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